The AP2/ERF WIND1 transcription factor controls cell differentiation in Arabidopsis (2023)

FAQs

What does AP2 transcription factor do? ›

APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factor (TF) is a superfamily in plant kingdom, which has been reported to be involved in regulation of plant growth and development, fruit ripening, defense response, and metabolism.

As one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, the AP2/ERF (APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor) plays indispensable roles in plant growth, development, hormone regulation, and especially in responses to various stresses (Tiwari et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2020; Yu et al., 2021).

Among these, the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) family transcription factors (AP2/ERFs) have emerged as key regulators of various stress responses, in which they also respond to hormones with improved plant survival during stress conditions.

Transcription factors are proteins possessing domains that bind to the DNA of promoter or enhancer regions of specific genes. They also possess a domain that interacts with RNA polymerase II or other transcription factors and consequently regulates the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) produced by the gene.

AP-1 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of diverse genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation (Herrlich, 2001; Karin and Chang, 2001; van Dam and Castellazzi, 2001). It acts as a dimer of members of the bZip protein family, in which c-Fos and c-Jun heterodimers are the most abundant.

Activator protein 1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in response to a variety of stimuli, including cytokines, growth factors, stress, and bacterial and viral infections. AP-1 controls a number of cellular processes including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis.

The two transcription factor families that have been more substantially amplified in Arabidopsis, as compared to animals and yeast, are the MYB and the MADS families. The MYB motif consists of a helix-turn-helix structure with three regularly spaced Trp residues.

Transcription factors function to regulate our gene expression to control cell differentiation and how our cells respond to the body's internal and external environment. In order for a gene to be transcribed, certain transcription factors need to be present to activate the DNA transcription machinery.

Transcription factors are proteins that help turn specific genes "on" or "off" by binding to nearby DNA. Transcription factors that are activators boost a gene's transcription. Repressors decrease transcription.

The four transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC (OSKM) together can convert human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It is, however, perplexing that they can do so only for a rare population of the starting cells with a long latency.

How is AP-1 activated? ›

Activation of AP-1 involves the direct phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of AP-1 components as well as the phosphorylation and activation of transcription factors that induce elevated expression of c-jun or c-fos. These events can be activated independently by several different signaling pathways.

Transcription factors (TFs) bind to specific DNA motifs to regulate the expression of target genes. To reach their binding sites, TFs diffuse in 3D and perform local motions such as 1D sliding, hopping, or intersegmental transfer.

The activity of a transcription factor is often regulated by (de) phosphorylation, which may affect different functions, e.g. nuclear localization DNA binding and trans-activation. Ligand binding is another mode of transcription-factor activation.

Chloroplast gene expression is primarily regulated at the post-transcriptional level, where a variety of complex mechanism have evolved to govern the interaction between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes.

Transcription factors (like all proteins) are transcribed from a gene on a chromosome into RNA, and then the RNA is translated into protein. Any of these steps can be regulated to affect the production (and thus activity) of a transcription factor.

However, the most compelling evidence comes from several independent studies that specifically addressed the level of ET-1 stimulation, and the prevailing scientific consensus is that transcription is the primary level of ET-1 regulation (39–43).

Transcription Factors. The proteins that bind to DNA regulatory elements (promoter, enhancer) to activate or repress transcription.

General transcription factors bind to specific sites on DNA to activate transcription. They are accessory proteins that assemble directly on the promoter and position RNA polymerase, pull apart the double helix, and launch the RNA polymerase to begin transcription.

Transcription factor (TF) genes encode DNA-binding proteins. In all organisms, TFs play central roles in transcription by regulating gene expression. TFs are involved in a variety of biological processes, such as development and cell cycle control. TFs comprise one of the largest known groups of genes.

Here, we report on the TRANSPLANTA collection of Arabidopsis lines, each expressing one of 949 TFs under the control of a |)-estradiol-inducible promoter.

What are the three types of transcription factors? ›

After that, transcription factors can control transcription by either recruiting RNA polymerase to initiate mRNA synthesis (turning the gene on), or by blocking RNA polymerase function (turning the gene off). There are 3 types of transcription factors: general, specific, and regulatory transcription factors.

How do transcription factors influence cell division? Transcription factors regulate expression of genes involved in cell division.

Transcription factors can turn on at different times during cell differentiation. As cells mature and go through different stages (arrows), transcription factors (colored balls) can act on gene expression and change the cell in different ways. This change affects the next generation of cells derived from that cell.

The primary regulators of gene expression are transcription factors (TFs). TFs are proteins that can bind specific DNA sequences and regulate gene expression. Their evolution is influenced by a large number of factors, including epigenetic mechanisms, gene regulatory elements and molecular cofactors.

Transcription is performed by enzymes called RNA polymerases, which link nucleotides to form an RNA strand (using a DNA strand as a template). Transcription has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.

Transcription is the name given to the process in which DNA is copied to make a complementary strand of RNA. RNA then undergoes translation to make proteins. The major steps of transcription are initiation, promoter clearance, elongation, and termination.

The general transcription factors comprise at least six distinct species: TFII A, B, D, E, F, and H (see Fig. 7.1b). TFIID (300–750 kDa) is a multiprotein complex composed of a TATA (box)-binding protein (TBP) and up to 13 TBP-associated factors (TAFs).

JUN Gene - Jun Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit.

The three main pathways activated through the TCR that control transcription are the MAPK, NF-κB, and calcium pathways. These pathways dramatically alter the expression and nuclear localization of various transcription factors that directly regulate genes involved in T cell activation (1, 2).

Members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein family are intracellular transcription factors that mediate many aspects of cellular immunity, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. They are primarily activated by membrane receptor-associated Janus kinases (JAK).

Are transcription factors DNA or RNA? ›

Transcription factors are proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA. Transcription factors include a wide number of proteins, excluding RNA polymerase, that initiate and regulate the transcription of genes.

Sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression by binding to cis-regulatory elements in promoter and enhancer DNA.

transcription factor, molecule that controls the activity of a gene by determining whether the gene's DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is transcribed into RNA (ribonucleic acid). The enzyme RNA polymerase catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA, using the gene's DNA as a template.

In the adult body, Hox genes are among others responsible for driving the differentiation of tissue stem cells towards their respective lineages in order to repair and maintain the correct function of tissues and organs.

CREs function to control transcription by acting nearby or within a gene. The most well characterized types of CREs are enhancers and promoters. Both of these sequence elements are structural regions of DNA that serve as transcriptional regulators.

Plant hormones, such as auxin, play a major instructive role in gene expression. Because plants are sessile organisms, environmental cues (e.g. quality and quantity of light) are critical for regulating transcription and affect the timing of developmental decisions.

Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). DNA safely and stably stores genetic material in the nuclei of cells as a reference, or template.

A typical plant transcription factor contains, with few exceptions, a DNA-binding region, an oligomerization site, a transcription-regulation domain, and a nuclear localization signal.

Most transcription factors are located in the cytoplasm. After receiving a signal from the cell membrane signal transduction, transcription factors are activated and then translocated from the cytoplasm into the nucleus where they interact with the corresponding DNA frame (cis-acting elements).

Dimeric transcription factors need to form homodimers or heterodimers in order to activate transcription and to bind DNA. Thus, they can be inhibited by small-molecule inhibitors of the protein–protein interactions mediating the subunit association.

What is AP2 in endocytosis? ›

The AP2 adaptor complex is a multimeric protein that works on the cell membrane to internalize cargo in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. It is a stable complex of four adaptins which give rise to a structure that has a core domain and two appendage domains attached to the core domain by polypeptide linkers.

The transcription factors encoded by the E2A gene are required for the development of committed B-lineage cells and regulate the expression of essential B-lineage genes at multiple stages of differentiation and activation.

(a) Structure of the heterotetrameric AP2 adaptor complex. AP2 comprises two large subunits of 100 kDa (α- and β2-adaptin), a medium 50 kDa subunit (μ2) and a small 17 kDa subunit (σ2). The 100 kDa α- and β2-adaptins comprise an N-terminal head domain linked by a flexible hinge to 'ear' or 'appendage' domains.

Once on the plasma membrane, AP-2 interacts with sorting signals in the cytoplasmic domains of membrane proteins destined to become cargo in the coated vesicle. At the same time, AP-2 recruits clathrin onto the membrane, where it acts as a scaffold for vesicle budding.

AP1 binds membranes enriched for PI4P, such as the TGN, while AP2 associates with PIP2 of the plasma membrane. At their respective membranes, AP1 and AP2 bind the cytoplasmic tails of transmembrane protein cargo and clathrin triskelions, thereby coupling cargo recruitment to coat polymerization.

P2 plays a role in the attachment of virus particles to insect cells and lack of this protein does not affect the initial round of replication. Vector leafhoppers injected with RDV particles lacking P2 become infected and able to transmit the virus.

In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor that regulates the cellular defense against toxic and oxidative insults through the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress response and drug detoxification.

NF-E2 is involved in regulation of globin gene transcription, acting through locus control regions (LCRs) upstream of the alpha and beta globin gene clusters. In addition, it is essential for normal platelet production.

The assembly polypeptide 2 (AP2) complex is a key player in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME); it recruits clathrin to membranes, promotes the polymerization of clathrin into clathrin-coated pits and binds cargo destined for CME.

How does clathrin-mediated endocytosis work? ›

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the process by which cargo-containing clathrin-coated vesicles bud off from the plasma membrane and are taken up into the cell. This process is critical for intercellular signaling, uptake of nutrients, and membrane recycling.

The major type of coat used by the cell is comprised of clathrin: a three-legged protein that can form lattice-like coats on membranes destined for trafficking.